when was the southern ocean named

[95] Crabeater seals have a population of around 15 million, making them one of the most numerous large animals on the planet. So, in 2000, the International Hydrographic Organization created the fifth world ocean - the Southern Ocean - from the southern portions of the Atlantic Ocean, … Interest in the potential exploitation of polymetallic nodules generated a great deal of activity among prospective mining consortia in the 1960s and 1970s. Map of The World in 1922 by the National Geographic Society showing the Antarctic (Southern) Ocean. To perform direct comparisons of current and former limits of oceans it is necessary to consider, or at least be aware of, how the 2002 change in IHO terminology for 'seas' can affect the comparison. They are the only Antarctic animal to breed during the winter. Summaries of this description are generally presented as maps of dynamic height contours around the Southern Ocean to show the predominantly zonal circulation (Fig. [99], Five species of krill, small free-swimming crustaceans, have been found in the Southern Ocean. [32] Some nations' hydrographic offices have defined their own boundaries; the United Kingdom used the 55th parallel south for example. Borders and names for oceans and seas were internationally agreed when the International Hydrographic Bureau, the precursor to the IHO, convened the First International Conference on 24 July 1919. [83] The insectivorous South Georgia pipit is endemic to South Georgia and some smaller surrounding islands. Equinox to equinox in line with the sun's seasonal influence, the Antarctic ice pack fluctuates from an average minimum of 2.6 million square kilometres (1.0×10^6 sq mi) in March to about 18.8 million square kilometres (7.3×10^6 sq mi) in September, more than a sevenfold increase in area. Despite being located on one of the most remote regions of the earth and one of the least traveled, the Southern Ocean is still used in marine transport with ships traveling to Antarctica and therefore has several ports and harbors constructed in its shores. The ocean floor of the Southern Ocean has not been extensively explored. The new Southern Ocean completely surrounds Antarctica. In 1946, US Navy Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd and more than 4,700 military personnel visited the Antarctic in an expedition called Operation Highjump. Some of the major ports include Mawson Station, the Palmer Station, and the Rothera Station. The maximum depth of the Southern Ocean, using the definition that it lies south of 60th parallel, was surveyed by the Five Deeps Expedition in early February 2019. The Southern Ocean is also known as the Antarctic Ocean because it surrounds Antarctica. Manganese nodules are rock concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. [37], Exploration of the Southern Ocean was inspired by a belief in the existence of a Terra Australis – a vast continent in the far south of the globe to "balance" the northern lands of Eurasia and North Africa – which had existed since the times of Ptolemy. Sea temperatures vary from about −2 to 10 °C (28 to 50 °F). [94], The four species that inhabit sea ice are thought to make up 50% of the total biomass of the world's seals. The core may be microscopically small and is sometimes completely transformed into manganese minerals by crystallization. The increased solar radiation emanates from an ozone hole in Antarctica and has also led to the alteration of DNA in some fish species. [73] There is some evidence that global warming has resulted in some decrease of the salinity of the waters of the Ross Gyre since the 1950s.[74]. This ocean is a smaller body of water compared to the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean but is bigger than the Arctic Ocean. The magitude and exact manifestation of these changes could lead to different populations of the same species responding and adapting differently to climate change depending on the region of the Southern Ocean they inhabit.[7]. Designated in 2000 by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), the Southern Ocean (also known as either the Antarctic Ocean or the South Polar Ocean) completely surrounds Since the first edition, the limits of the Southern Ocean have moved progressively southwards; since 1953, it has been omitted from the official publication and left to local hydrographic offices to determine their own limits. He turned south again and was stopped by ice in 61° 52′ S by 95° E and continued eastward nearly on the parallel of 60° S to 147° E. On 16 March, the approaching winter drove him northward for rest to New Zealand and the tropical islands of the Pacific. The expedition was planned to last for eight months but was unexpectedly terminated after only two months. [64], The first completely human-powered expedition on the Southern Ocean was accomplished on 25 December 2019 by a team of rowers comprising captain Fiann Paul (Iceland), first mate Colin O'Brady (US), Andrew Towne (US), Cameron Bellamy (South Africa), Jamie Douglas-Hamilton (UK) and John Petersen (US).[65]. Nonetheless, according to the International Hydrographic Organization, the Southern Ocean is defined as the ocean whose waters are found south of the 60-degrees-south latitude with the natural boundary being the Antarctic Convergence. Southern Ocean or Antarctic Ocean [1], name sometimes given to those parts of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans that surround Antarctica S of roughly 60°S. 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