example of land conflict in tanzania

Problem-solving workshops: The role of scholarship in conflict resolution. The people seeking to liberate themselves usually did not have any feelings of belonging and commitment and, consequently, were not concerned about sharing in the colonising country’s power and resources. Duala-M’bedy (1984:10) asserted that ‘the European concept of state has had a strong influence on African countries and that it was this concept of state that led to drawing up of arbitrary borders throughout Africa’. Among the 16.5 million inhabitants mistrust towards the government continues to grow. The governments of many African countries are currently investing in improving land administration with the aim of developing an efficient land market. Conflict between humans and crocodiles, for example, has been reported in 33 countries spanning the tropics and subtropics, and the problem probably exists in many more. This error has, very often, led to drastic consequences in Africa. Land issues and conflicts occur all over, all the time on the African continent and continue to mushroom on a continuous basis. 1991:347). 1996. This research stems from the argument that issues of land use conflicts and pastoralism in Tanzania are well documented in literature (Shao, 2008; Benjaminsen et al., 2009; King, 2013;Misafi, 2014 . A side objective is to reduce conflicts over land through implementation of a functioning land-registration and/or . The issue in civil rights conflicts is to give the people a fair share of their country’s power and resources, and thereby enhance their sense of belonging and commitment. Letter from Birmingham jail. Duala-M’Bedy (1984:10), subscribing to this viewpoint, asserted that ‘the problems being experienced by modern African States are based on our colonial experience’. One wonders whether the latter view is not the basis for all the peace-keeping forces prescribed for conflicts in Africa over the decades. GOALS. These kinds of governance manoeuvres in a post-colonial situation remain consistent with the inherited tradition of political power and dominance of the colonial administration. For example, by 1986, 43% of the original wildlife habitat in Tanzania had been African independence and African political leadership can be seen to be very closely related. It examines the many issues confronting the people of Africa, its leaders and its international partners: economic reform, debt, education, health, women's advancement, conflict and civil strife . Offers an insightful yet readable study of the paths - and challenges - to social cohesion in Africa, by experienced historians, economists and political scientists. Lingren, Karin, Birger Heldt, Kjell-Ake Nordquist and Peter Wallensteen 1991. Its current population is estimated at 40 million, with a growth rate of roughly 2.4 per cent per annum. 1995. They maintain that it may be incorrect to view conflicts in zero-sum or win/lose terms, and that positive sum or win/win outcomes may be possible if we base our thinking on different assumptions. To a very large extent, the stakes are participation and distribution at the centre. These dimensions, in Kriesberg’s words, include the issues in contention (resources and interests or values and ideology), the arenas in which the conflict is waged (families, communities, countries, or regions) and the contending parties (persons, organisations, classes, or peoples). United Nations General Assembly 1960. In: Azar, Edward and John W. Burton eds. Cohen (1995:11) also indicted the de-colonisation process when he observed that in many countries the contradictions of the colonial state were passed on to the independent states through a flawed process of de-colonisation. Conflict resolution efforts have been made through the implementation of Social Forestry (Perhutanan Sosial/PS) in several villages, which provides land management license that allows people to continue the cultivation of land within a Forest Area under the sustainable forest management system. He also adds that ‘Africa’s post-colonial present can be said to have been fashioned for Africa by Africa’s colonial past’. This resulted in the worsening overlapping land use issue, exacerbating land conflicts in the country. In spite of the condemnation of colonialism, in spite of the breach of international law, and in spite of the incompatibility theory of plural states espoused by Woodrow Wilson in 1919 (Esthus 1991) and other scholars including Walzer, Kantowicz and Higham (1982), Furnival (1986) and Smith (1986), the world community does not only orphan these conflicts (Crocker, Hampson and Aall 2005), but considers them, albeit erroneously, as secessionist conflicts. Scholars of the resolution approach argue that the unsolvable nature of a particular conflict is more apparent than real. Skjelsbaek, Kjell and Gunnar Fermann 1996. The United Nations and the United States became heavily involved in the conflict from 1992 to 1995, sending military forces and humanitarian aid to the country. Despite 250 years of land reform all over the World, important land inequalities remain, especially in Latin America and Southern Africa.While in these countries, there is near consensus on the need for redistribution, much controversy ... Consequently, each conflict needs to be analysed on its own merits and addressed as a specific case rather than using the strait-jacket peace-keeping approach in every conflict as has been the case for decades. Natural Resources and Conflict: Unlocking the economic dimension of peace-building in Africa Sylvester Bongani Maphosa The causal relationship between natural resource endowment and the outbreak of violent conflict is complex. Unfortunately, the last 3 maps mentioned are not priority thematic maps of the OMP today. Stedman, S.J. Duala-M’Bedy, Bonny 1984. Esthus, Raymond A. The second strong idea that emerges from intervention literature is the increasing emphasis on conflict management rather than resolution as the intervention approach in Africa. The third main difference concerns the role of the third party in responding to violence. The case was not different in Sierra Leone and Liberia. 1 test answers. 4 Classification of land conflicts 33 Tab. Some inter-state conflicts have occurred mainly over disputed territories like the Chad-Libya conflict over the Aouzou strip. 2008. In 1991, a coup ousted dictator Mohammed Siad Barre, President of the Somali Democratic Republic. Ambush in Mogadishu: The Lessons of Somalia – Not Everything Went Wrong. 1-800-460-5597 (US & Canada)+1-647-722-6642 (International). in 1884, Auto Van Bismark-the German chancellor wanted to pit countries against each other so he invited them to the Berlin Conference to scramble for land in Sub-Saharan Africa. William J. Foltz and I. William Zartman, two experts on the work of the Organisation, viewed the non-intervention situation and shared their views with regard to OAU’s non-intervention. In this book, African, European, and U.S. experts examine these important issues and the prospects for conflict management and resolution in Africa. 4 LAND, LIVELIHOODS AND IDENTITIES: INTER-COMMUNITY CONFLICTS IN EAST AFRICA The purpose of this report is to provide a detailed overview of the current status of minority groups in relation to natural-resource conflict in East Africa, specifically examining Kenya, Uganda, and South Sudan's Jonglei State.1 These three areas present a diverse . conflicts that started prior to 1980.2 One possible explanation is that it is now much easier to sustain and fund conflict than it used to be. December 1895 - February 1896 Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War. Meanwhile, the role of the Pokja PPS has been intensified in Riau based on the amendment to a Governor’s Decree. resources such as water or land. 1992. This view holds good to some extent, but it is far from being the general trend. Colonial rule never raised the issue of good government. Rwandan identification cards named a person’s ethnic classification, which made it impossible for Tutsis to escape persecution and slaughter. 1823 Battle of Nsamankow. The forest area has been considered a "no-man's land" for years due to the KPH’s lack of action. Climate change-induced migration and violent conflict. The Yugoslavian conflict, European mediation, and the contingency model: A critical perspective. The question remains whether there is the political will at the African Union, the United Nations, and among former colonial powers to move beyond the colonial-style desire to merely suppress or perhaps eliminate overt violence. Obasanjo, Olusegun 1991. From a conflict resolution standpoint, the critique by Feldman (2008:267) that ‘without strong AU military forces capable of providing effective interventions, many African conflicts will either remain unresolved or depend on forces outside the continent to attempt to impose a non-African solution on them’ is misplaced because military forces do not ‘resolve conflict’; they only succeed in some cases to reduce the violence. These were individuals, countries, groups of countries, institutions and organisations. Subscribing to this viewpoint, Ambassador Herman J. Cohen (1995) asserted that ‘the sources and consequences of Africa’s internal conflicts have their roots in colonialism, the subsequent processes of de-colonisation and state formation, and the ensuing crisis of nation building’. Found inside – Page 131Land conflicts are a common phenomenon in many parts of Africa, partly because of the unique nature of the African land tenure system. In Tanzania for example, both customary and statutory land tenure systems are officially recognized ... This book is a collection of Special Issue articles that aim to discern a people-centered pathway to solving land-based challenges in the context of land administration. It consists of 13 positively evaluated research articles. Recommended Readings: 10 Largest Air to Air Battles in Military History [infographic]An Introduction to Amphibious WarfareU.S. In this regard, an attempt to focus on the various types of conflicts in Africa from the standpoints of the subject or nature of the dominant issues involved in each category is important. The implications of international changes for African states. Conflict and conflict resolution in Africa: A conceptual framework. Many Conflicts Throughout Africa. 1814-1816 Ashanti-Akim-Akwapim War. Many of them remain undetermined due to the existence of natural resources, scattered small-scale agricultural lands/plantations and the misinformed custom to use customary land as village boundary marker. KEYWORDS:Land Conflict, Maasai Community, Ngorongoro Conservation Authority. In: Deng and Zartman eds. 17 The emerging land conflict resolution system in Laos 77 List of tables Tab. From the perspective of this analysis, the ‘crises of internal governance’ and ‘new institutions’ in Africa can both be traced to the colonisation and the de-colonisation of Africa. Land rights and land conflicts in Africa: The Tanzania case. 9/2016, enabling the OMP geoportal to be launched in 2018. In Africa, the concept of state or nation is based on Africa’s colonial past. Some light will be shed on the typology of African conflicts later on in this analysis. Landesa targets one of the root causes of poverty and insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa: insecure and inequitable land tenure. These conflicts arose, rather, from the aspirations of a people to assert their fundamental human right of self-determination, as contained in the UN Charter. The OAU in the Africa state system. It may be helpful to think of natural resources in terms of how they are used. Others included the Kenya-Somali war (1963-1967), the Somali-Ethiopian conflict (1964-1978), the Egypt-Libya conflict (1977), the Eritrea-Ethiopia border conflict (1998-2000) and the 1994 Cameroon-Nigeria conflict over the disputed oil-rich Bakassi Peninsula. Whether the emphasis is in 1) forced assimilation, 2) repression, whereby armies have been imposed on conflicting parties, 3) avoidance to frustrate the aspirations of seemingly less powerful or less organised parties, or 4) suppression of overt physical violence, the interventions have been coercive, and coercive interventions are only impositions of the powerful. How does that "fear" manifest in reality? Some examples of civil rights conflicts in Africa are the struggle against apartheid in South Africa, the struggle for majority rule in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), the Tuareg uprising in Mali, where the group found itself virtually estranged from national life, and the Algerian Berbers fighting against the ruling Arab class. Please confirm you want to block this member. Anyang’ Nyong’o, P. 1991. It is necessary to explore the main features of conflict resolution and conflict management, two approaches in conflict scholarship, in order to better understand and assess the motivations and actions of intervening agencies or actors. Between April and July of 1994, the Hutus—a Rwandan ethnic group that comprised roughly 15 percent of the Rwandan population—murdered Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana; this jumpstarted the systematic and brutal genocide of approximately 800,000 Tutsis, the ethnic minority of Rwanda’s population. It will be difficult for the conflict resolution community to see its way around these concerns without a renewed openness to address Africa’s colonial past. Often, these people waged war to liberate themselves when they were unable, through dialogue and the political process, to correct what Cohen (1995) termed the contradictions of colonial rule in some cases, and the failures of de-colonisation in others. In West Africa, ECOWAS has, since 1990, been involved in peace-keeping operations. This book offers numerous practical insights and raises key questions for research on conflict resolution in a transforming world system. The international organisations involved in African conflicts are mainly the UN and the OAU/AU. It is on this basis that the conference forming the foundation of this book was organised. Tanzania shares borders with Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (CAB Abstracts) Zartman (2000:2) has indicated that the United Nations Security Council deployed nine peace-keeping missions to Africa in the 1990s alone. 1 Types and sub-types of land conflicts 15 Tab. One of the remaining ones is the village boundaries map. This article set out to engage the colonial factor in conflict and conflict resolution in Africa and to revisit the colonial dominance in Africa’s post-coloniality. The more publicized land conflict between one of the large parastatal, the National Agriculture and Food Corporation (NAFCO) and the Barbaig agro-pastoralists in the Hanang District of Arusha is an illustration of the conflict over land between parastatals and peasant/pastoral communities26. The conflict is complex, with many stakeholders involved, and Loliondo's location, bordering the Serengeti National Park and serving as prime grazing area for pastoralists in the region, makes it one of the most highly coveted land areas in Tanzania. The British colony of Rhodesia, named after Cecil Rhodes, was founded in 1893. Foreword. The tribunals seem to have been intended for punishing individuals chosen for destruction by the powerful stakeholders rather than for unearthing the causes of conflict that remain deeply rooted in the respective societies. Human-wildlife conflict does not occur only in Africa. Luckily, there are examples of good practice to deal with problems. Introduction Tanzania is a relatively large country located in East Africa, with a total of area of about 9, 500, 000 square kilometres. Deininger and Castagnini use data from Uganda to explore who is affected by land conflicts, whether recent legal changes have helped to reduce their incidence, and to assess their impact on productivity. This shift in the balance of power sparked a twenty-plus-year civil war that killed as many as one million Somalis via violence, famine or disease. The Eritrean Independence War was, until the country’s independence in 1993, erroneously considered as an internal affair of Ethiopia just as the war in South Sudan was for long considered as Sudan’s internal affair. The literature on African conflicts appears to view the conflicts mainly in general terms as intra-national or inter-ethnic. In addition to presenting the LGAF tool, this book includes detailed case studies on its implementation in five selected countries: Peru, the Kyrgyz Republic, Ethiopia, Indonesia and Tanzania. The third party is not a go-between, negotiator or mediator. The war began on May 6, 1998, when military and police from both countries exchanged fire in a rural area near the disputed border, and ended in 2000, between the months of May and June, after the two countries were able to negotiate a cease-fire agreement—called the Algiers Peace Treaty. In the case of the intractable fratricidal war in South Sudan, intervention was mainly intermittent from 1990 and undertaken by the Djibouti-based IGADD/IGAD. Led by the infamous Joseph Kony, The Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) is responsible for the longest-running rebel upheaval in Uganda and its neighboring countries, resulting in the displacement of nearly two million people and the deaths of thousands. In this regard, many political leaders of Africa, especially those in the former French colonies, were and continued to be imposed upon the people with almost no consideration for good governance. INTRODUCTION In spite of the huge cost of the wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone in terms of human lives and material, the peace-keeping interventions focused mainly on achieving what these actors termed ‘peace and stability’ (Cohen 1996:6). The UN Secretary-General and the mediation of international disputes. A land conflict, therefore, can be understood as a misuse, restriction or dispute over property rights to land (Wehrmann, 2005) The land conflicts in Tanzania exist in various forms such as farmers vs. pastoralists, native vs. foreign investors and de facto land owners vs. squatters all these groups struggles against each other in an attempt to . It is difficult to imagine how the War Crimes Tribunal in Rwanda helped to bring justice to the situation bred, for instance, by colonialism and the de-colonisation process in Burundi and Rwanda. Case 1: Territorial Conflict. Some scholars, including Mokwugo Okoyo (1977), Bonny Duala-M’Bedy (1984), Claude Ake (1985) and Herman J. Cohen (1995), consider the numerous conflicts in Africa as a natural consequence of Africa’s colonial past. Technical mapping skills are generally only possessed by regional government officers in certain institutions, such as Environment and Forestry Office, Regional Development Planning Board and Public Works and Public Housing Office. In addition to basic maps, the geoportal stores thematic maps from different government agencies that are expected to help resolve land conflicts. As this scholar of colonialism’s culture has argued, ‘[I]f we had transcended colonial images and narratives more comprehensively, perhaps we would not need to discuss them at all, but there is no emptiness at present in which such a confident silence can be heard’ (Thomas 1994:195). Other resources, From the Nigerian Civil War to the Somali Civil War, these 20th Century conflicts submitted civilians to intense physical and psychological trauma that negatively The . The ‘new institutions and good governance’ recipe advocated by some practitioners, is a limited prescription. It argues that the colonial factor ought to be a consideration in attempts to address African conflicts because the roots of many post-colonial conflicts in Africa remain buried in Africa’s past and, specifically, in the colonisation and de-colonisation processes. 1991. pp. In both cases, Morocco and Cameroon Republic went beyond their borders to annex and ‘colonially occupy’ Western Sahara in 1975 and British Southern Cameroons in 1961 respectively, contrary to the UN Charter, the UN General Assembly Resolution 1514(XV) on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (United Nations General Assembly 1960), and the African Union Constitutive Act in its Article 4. In response to these challenges and risks, the European Union (EU) and the United Nations (UN) entered into a partnership in 2008 for building capacities for land, natural resources and conflict . 5) Annexationist conflicts: Annexationist conflicts arise when one nation annexes another nation in part or wholly, or where two nations lock horns over interests that belong to neither of them from the point of view of history and international law. These conflicts have been relatively few in Africa in spite of the problems caused by artificial borders inherited from colonialism and the lumping together of different nations to make up new countries at independence. This being the case, any thinking which regards the colonial factor as irrelevant today may be misplaced. A fascinating study of the important role of biology in European expansion, from 900 to 1900. The examples of clan fighting in Somalia and Liberia where the control of power at the centre was/is one of the main issues are the high point of inter-ethnic conflicts, but these are only the exception and not the rule – given that inter-ethnic conflicts occur over any number of issues ranging from politics to socio-economic issues such as religion, culture or land and other scarce resources. The conflict resolution community seems to pursue conflict resolution efforts in Africa from a variety of purposes and interests and with policies that are often replete with ambiguities and contradictions. 1863 - 1864 Second Anglo-Ashanti War. The Working Group on Forest Land-Tenure (WG Tenure) and Customary Forest established by the Social Forestry Acceleration Working Group (Pokja PPS) in South Sumatra and the Natural Resource Conflict Management Team in Musi Banyuasin Regency are great examples of how conflict resolution is reached through institutional approach.

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