frontiers in political science

This research shows that voting at the municipal level is, for some participants, more important than voting at other levels of government. 28, 19–41. Finally, a policy area that might be seen as affecting disabled people and politicians less than nondisabled people is military and defense. (2020). Élections Canada (2016). Dassonneville, Ruth. rse 38 (1), 23–45. If it emerges that voters do not discriminate against disabled candidates at the ballot box, as the findings here would lead us to expect, then other factors must be responsible. Key Factor Analysis I know it’s there, I know it exists, I see people coming to take it.” (Participant 12). Campbell and Cowley, 2018), years of political activity (4–17), and previous experience of elected office (local Councillor/none). Québec. doi:10.1348/014466609X468411 |, Park, J. H., Faulkner, J., and Schaller, M. (2005). In Quebec, the few studies that have looked at medium size municipality voting behaviour have mainly studied the cities of Quebec City, but not Montreal. Despite the presence of analyses of voting behaviour at this level of government, many grey areas remain, particularly regarding the importance of municipal voting associated with older voters. These findings do not go as far as to suggest that disabled candidates are seen as political “supercrips,” an image of disabled people being exceptionally strong, capable, heroic, and inspiring. (2013). Candidate image and electoral preference in Britain. Am. A model of factors affecting the treatment of disabled individuals in organizations. In addition, the majority of studies on elections focus on the behaviours of voters living in large cities such as Montreal or Quebec City. A qualitative approach with individual data is necessary to understand why seniors give importance to municipal voting. Martel (2002) compares the proportion of 18 to 34 year olds with that of 65 and over and concludes that Quebec will witness a “transfer of power [where] for the first time in history, the elderly will have more votes than the young. Behav. China 1; citizen participation 1; desertification 1; economic development 1; infrastructure 1; We thus investigate the relation between online incivility and offline events, both socio-political and also platform specific. This study provides a descriptive account of incivility dynamics over the past 11 years by examining the trends of incivility in three main categories of social media interactions: political, mixed, and non-political. The coefficient for the wheelchair-using candidate is positive but not statistically significantly different from zero (alpha = 0.05). Rev. It is also the case in the United States and France (Cutler and et Scott Matthews, 2005). Public Attention to Extreme Weather as Reflected by Social media Activity. Gérontologie et société 35 (143), 23–38. However, drawing on insights from social psychology and disability studies, I argue that there is another image that might influence voter perceptions, namely, that of an inspirational person who has proven to be capable of overcoming hurdles and persevering in the face of adversity. Furthermore, many receive targeted social security benefits, such as Personal Independence Payment in Britain or payments to employ carers or personal assistants. It is taken into account that the elderly are a political force both in their electoral power and in the creation of lobbies wanting to defend their collective interests (Viriot-Durandal, 2012). Instead, they are perceived as more compassionate, honest, and hard-working than nondisabled candidates, although the effects are modest in size. In order to form an impression of the traits, views, and competencies of election candidates, voters often draw on existing stereotypes about their identities and characteristics, such as their gender or ethnicity. This important series presents timely economic research on health care and health policy issues. Our next question, therefore, asks: RQ3: Have there been changes in incivility between ideologically homogeneous and heterogeneous groups? (1991). Classification and its Consequences for Online Harassment. in L’annuaire du Québec 2008. Incivility in social media has become a major concern of the public, who perceive uncivil online interactions to be both widespread and increasing. Available at: https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1060020/defiparticipation- vote-jeunes-elections-municipales-quebec-2017. Using longitudinal data from Reddit that accounts for 95% of the entire Reddit universe across 11 years and relying on the combination of supervised machine learning models and traditional statistical inference, the study found that incivility consistently represents around 10% of total Reddit comments. Municipal election issues deal with services that are used by the citizens of the city. Arguably, voting is more rational for a group that can expect to benefit from a particular outcome rather than as an isolated individual. Copyright © 2021 Vallette. Reinventing Political Activism. A. As with candidate gender and race, party affiliation might mitigate the effects of candidate disability or interact with it (e.g., Koch, 2002; King and Matland, 2003; Hayes, 2011). How should we conceive of trust and distrust in politics, and are there any other . As a result, studies of models to explain voting highlight the weight of socio-demographic variables (gender, income, etc.). He serves as specialty chief editor of the "Politics of Technology" section of Frontiers in Political Science. Indeed, in 2017, Quebec passed the Act-122 mainly to recognize that municipalities are local governments and to increase their autonomy and powers, allowing municipalities to perform essential functions and provide services to their population (INSPQ, 2019). doi:10.1080/0968759032000127317, Dolan, K. (2010). Incivility is not ubiquitous in Reddit discussions and has not dramatically grown in recent years. The generated labeled data from the DistilBERT model was used for logistic regression. Although incivility in ideologically heterogeneous political groups, where users encounter others with differing opinions, was higher than incivility in ideologically homogeneous political groups, Welch’s t-test showed this difference is not significant (t = 1.545, df = 11, p = 0.15). However, it is questionable whether (British) voters are aware of these patterns, given how few high-profile politicians with disabilities there have been and the fact that they have come from different parties, including, for instance, former MPs Anne Begg and David Blunkett (both Labour) and current Conservative MP Robert Halfon. However, there may be other factors, such as societal stigma, fewer resources, or a lack of role models, which can make it difficult or off-putting for disabled people to become involved in political parties and seek nomination as a candidate in the first place (D’Aubin and Stienstra, 2004; Sackey, 2015; Langford and Levesque, 2017; Levesque, 2016). Urban Aff. Cookie Duration Description; AWSALBCORS: 7 days: This cookie is used for load balancing services provded by Amazon inorder to optimize the user experience. RQ6: Have any specific external events triggered increases in incivility? Culled from hundreds of articles in journals across the social sciences—in political science, sociology, African American studies, and communication--this illuminating collection deals with the complexities of the Obama phenomenon from ... Since the municipal level is often considered a homeowner democracy, Mevellec (2011) shows that homeowners vote in greater numbers than renters at the municipal level. For example, the use of and exposure to incivility generates anger, anxiety, or mental distress, and can lead to aggression (Gervais, 2015) and hostile communication (Groshek and Cutino, 2016). Reher, S. (2020a). You can find which Frontiers Journals have an impact factor and its value on this page. The descriptions contain information about several attributes of the candidates, which can take on a set of predefined values: gender (either male or female), minority ethnic background (yes/no), age (35–65), profession (doctor/lawyer/teacher/business owner/factory worker) (cf. Polit. Br. There is some conceptual and operational ambiguity in existing literature on incivility and related concepts under the umbrella of toxic, offensive, or intolerant speech (see Kim et al., 2020 and Rossini, 2020 for recent reviews). Polit. J. Polit. Associations Among Bullying, Cyberbullying, and Suicide in High School Students. doi:10.1177/1461444817724170, Gervais, B. T. (2017). 23. Sci. I have a doctorate in political science from the University of British Columbia. 3:737315. doi: 10.3389/fpos.2021.737315. R. H. Binstock, and L. K. George (,York: Elsevier). Polit. Voters perceive political candidates with a disability as qualified for elected office. The analyses here only use the data from the no-party experiment. As this study was conducted in the United Kingdom, I mostly use the latter. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2008.05.004. For example, less than one in two voters goes to the polls during municipal elections (Lavoie, 2017). Although all of the disability effects are rather small, they still tend to be more important than the few effects observed for other characteristics such as gender, ethnic minority identity, age, and even political experience. “List of Most-Subscribed YouTube Channels,” in Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Sci. Even though our large-scale project cannot speak to the underlying mechanisms, our findings clearly suggest that the dynamics of political discourse online are contingent on social context, such that differences in the types of conversation lead to different expressions of incivility. Baribeau, C., and Royer, C. (2013). Since the municipal level is the only level that allows voters to vote directly for their mayor (direct voting for the Prime Minister does not exist for provincial and federal elections), seniors feel that the elected official must be responsive to their expectations and be present and easily accessible. ‘Live in Your World, Play in Ours': The Spaces of Video Game Identity. and gaming services were categorized as Games; Entertainment category contained all sub-reddits about movies, TV programs, celebrities, and other entertainment; sub-reddits about sports, teams and athletes were categorized as Sports; Health sub-reddits included all that discussed physical and mental health; Music category included sub-reddits discussing music, instruments, and musicians; Technology sub-reddits were those discussing science and technology developments and education; sub-reddits about pets and animals were categorized as Pets/Animals; Lifestyle/Fashion category contained sub-reddits about beauty, food, clothing, design, models, and lifestyle; and all sub-reddits dedicated to creating and sharing memes were categorized as Memes. Handbook of the life course, 3–19. Avainsanat: 5171 Political Science Among the 19 senior participants living in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, only one participant mentioned that he does not vote at the municipal level. “List of Most-Followed Twitter Accounts,” in Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. All these macro, meso-, and micro-level factors influence incivility and need to be accounted for conceptually and analytically. The journal is interdisciplinary and it explores both empirical political science and critical theories. By focusing on the voters themselves and asking them directly why they vote and why it is important for them to go to the polls, my study will provide a more complete electoral profile, especially for the municipal voter. Encountering a disabled person often generates feelings like pity and discomfort in people (Park et al., 2005; Nario-Redmond, 2010). Depression and political predispositions: almost blue? 49, 471–488. Campbell, A. L., and Binstock, R. H. (2011). In the absence of suitable theory in our own discipline that would address similarities between past and present, we turned to the work of political scientists and economists who view state-building from the vantages of collective action theory (especially Levi, 1988, 2006, cf. Oliver, J. E. (2000). Educ. Special Section Introduction-Ubiquitous IT and Digital Vulnerabilities. In addition to policy-specific priorities and competence, I analyze voter perceptions of candidates’ broader political beliefs. Furthermore, in 2019, Reddit invited bystanders (e.g., regular users not involved in the reported issues) to provide a third-person point view on harassment reports. In total, this yielded over 6.68 billion comments. Addressing RQ1, we note that the proportion of incivility fluctuates only slightly, with a current upward trend, and can be affected by the policies of social media platforms. We also note that even though Reddit could invite greater incivility than Facebook or Twitter, due to its largely anonymous nature, the estimates in our data are largely similar to those from studies of other social media platforms (Siegel et al., 2018; Theocharis, et al., 2020). The Routledge Companion to Media and Human Rights, 289-299, 2017. We hope that future work addresses these different dynamics and mechanisms, shedding more detailed light on the role of group culture, topical influence, offline socio-political events, platform level interventions, such as reporting or moderating systems, and the users themselves. Being a homeowner and having a better knowledge of the municipal level of government does not allow us to understand the importance attached to their vote. », Quintelier, E. (2007). Do you use the city’s public transit system? The Emergence and Development of Life Course Theory. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878. » In Anatomy of a liberal victory: Making sense of the vote in the 2000 Canadian election, sous la dir. Q. Leurs, K., and Zimmer, M. (2017). 21, 352–401. Available at: https://www.lapresse.ca/international/europe/2021-03-14/elections-legislatives-aux-pays-bas/m-teflon-part-favori-malgre-tout.php. Am. Yet, unlike impoliteness, incivility is seen as “individual behaviors that threaten a collective founded on democratic norms” (Papacharissi, 2004, p. 271). In testing these questions, we attend to the extent to which external events may influence the prevalence of and changes in incivility in the online public sphere. Baer, D. (2021). Devlin, J., Chang, M. W., Lee, K., and Toutanova, K. (2018). Yet, they might be less willing to vote for this candidate as the sole representative of their constituency (i.e., in SMD). Binstock et Linda (Academic Press). For the kids again! (2021). Available at: http://www.cmb-bmc.ca/. Sci. doi:10.7202/008876ar. Her research brings together different lines of inquiry relating to governance transfer across national borders. Regarding the aging rate, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu has a rate of 18.2%, which is similar to the rate of the province of Quebec which is 18.3% (Statistics Canada 2016). 28 (1), 133–148. Figures 3 and 4 show the results for the effects of candidate disability on voters’ perceptions of their policy beliefs and competencies. There is also an interest in the municipal level that has developed, “We’re more interested in it because we have more time.” (Participant 11) This interest in the municipal level, and therefore in municipal elections, takes shape through the desire to see society evolve for future generations: “It’s a bit of a paradox, in the sense that, these are changes that others will benefit from. Journalism Mass Commun. Savoie-Zajc, L. (2009). Accountability and Responsiveness at Municipal Level: Views from Canada. Partisan Bias of Perceived Incivility and its Political Consequences: Evidence from Survey Experiments in Hong Kong.J. J. Disabil. Voter Turnout and the Dynamics of Electoral Competition in Established Democracies since 1945. By contrast, for persons with mobility impairments who use a wheelchair, communication, reading, and face-to-face interactions are generally not affected as much as accessing the built environment and getting around. Voters punish political leaders with depression. The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2021.741605/full#supplementary-material. Symbolic and substantive relevance of politicians with disabilities: a British columbia case study. In turn, the proportion of incivility in homogeneous liberal groups that were mixed (discussing non-political issues but sometimes diverting to politics) decreased before 2015 and remained stable at around 11%, suggesting that the effects of the anti-harassment policy initiated by Reddit were especially effective in liberal mixed groups (perhaps because these groups were victims of disproportionate amount of trolling and harassment prior to the policy).

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